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Joel Feinberg (October 19, 1926 in Detroit, Michigan – March 29, 2004 in Tucson, Arizona) was an American political and legal philosopher. He is known for his work in the fields of ethics, action theory, philosophy of law, and political philosophy〔Honderich T. ''The Oxford Companion to Philosophy.'' Oxford, UK: Oxford Univ. Press, 1995: 270. ISBN 0-19-866132-0〕 as well as individual rights and the authority of the state.〔NEW YORK TIMES Monday April 5, 2004〕 Feinberg was one of the most influential figures in American jurisprudence of the last fifty years.〔Jeff Harrison, 'In Memoriam: Joel Feinberg'', University of Arizona News, March 31, 2004〕 Feinberg studied at the University of Michigan, writing his dissertation on the philosophy of the Harvard professor Ralph Barton Perry under the supervision of Charles Stevenson. He taught at Brown University, Princeton University, UCLA and Rockefeller University, and, from 1977, at the University of Arizona, where he retired in 1994 as Regents Professor of Philosophy and Law. Feinberg was internationally distinguished for his research in moral, social and legal philosophy. His major four volume work, ''The Moral Limits of the Criminal Law'', was published between 1984 and 1988. Feinberg held many major fellowships during his career and lectured by invitation at universities around the world. He was an esteemed and highly successful teacher, and many of his students are now prominent scholars and professors at universities across the US. His former students include Jules Coleman, Russ Shafer-Landau, and Clark Wolf. =="Psychological Egoism"== In a paper prepared in 1958 for the benefit of students at Brown, Feinberg seeks to refute the philosophical theory of psychological egoism, which in his opinion is fallacious. So far as he can tell, there are four primary arguments for it: #"Every action of mine is prompted by motives or desires or impulses which are ''my'' motives and not somebody else's."〔Duncan-Jones 1952, p. 96.〕 #"()hen a person gets what he wants, he characteristically feels pleasure."〔Feinberg 2008, p. 521.〕 #"Often we deceive ourselves into thinking that we desire something fine or noble when what we really want is to be thought well of by others or to be able to congratulate ourselves, or to be able to enjoy the pleasures of a good conscience (). Indeed, it is a simple matter to explain away all allegedly unselfish motives ()"〔Feinberg 2008, p. 521.〕 He quotes Lucius F. C. Garvin to this effect: "Once the conviction that selfishness is universal finds root in a person's mind, it is very likely to burgeon out in a thousand corroborating generalizations. It will be discovered that a friendly smile is really only an attempt to win an approving nod from a more or less gullible recording angel; that a charitable deed is, for its performer, only an opportunity to congratulate himself on the good fortune or the cleverness that enables him to be charitable; that a public benefaction is just plain good business advertising. It will emerge that gods are worshipped only because they indulge men's selfish fears, or tastes, or hopes; that the "golden rule" is no more than an eminently sound success formula; that social and political codes are created and subscribed to only because they serve to restrain other men's egoism as much as one's own, morality being only a special sort of "racket" or intrigue using weapons of persuasion in place of bombs and machine guns. Under this interpretation of human nature, the categories of commercialism replace those of disinterested service and the spirit of the horse trader broods over the face of the earth."〔Garvin 1953, p. 512f.〕 #"Psychological egoists often notice that moral education and the inculcation of manners usually utilise what Bentham calls the 'sanctions of pleasure and pain.' Children are made to acquire the civilising virtues only by the method of enticing rewards and painful punishments. Much the same is true of the history of the race. People in general have been inclined to behave well only when it is made plain to them that there is 'something in it for them.' Is it not then highly probable that just such a mechanism of human motivation as Bentham describes must be presupposed by our methods of moral education?"〔Feinberg 2008, p. 522.〕 Feinberg observes that such arguments for psychological egoism are rarely mounted on the basis of empirical proof when, being psychological, they very well ought to. The opening argument he dubs a tautology〔To his mind, it says nothing more than that all of one's motives and desires are motives and desires, which, while true, is not especially significant.〕 from which "nothing whatever concerning the nature of my motives or the objective of my desires can possibly follow (). It is not the genesis of an action or the ''origin'' of its motives which makes it a 'selfish' one, but rather the 'purpose' of the act or the ''objective'' of its motives; ''not where the motive comes from'' (in voluntary actions it always comes from the agent) but ''what it aims at'' determines whether or not it is selfish."〔Feinberg 2008, p. 522.〕 Similarly flawed in Feinberg's opinion is the second argument. Just because all successful endeavour engenders pleasure does not necessarily entail that pleasure is the sole objective of all endeavour. He uses William James's analogy to illustrate this fallacy: although an ocean liner always consumes coal on its trans-Atlantic voyages, it is unlikely that the sole purpose of these voyages is coal consumption. The third argument, unlike the first two, contains no ''non sequitur'' that Feinberg can see. He nevertheless adjudges that such a sweeping generalisation is unlikely to be true. In the final argument, Feinberg sees a paradox. The only way to achieve happiness, he believes, is to forget about it, but psychological egoists hold that all human endeavour, even that which achieves happiness, is geared towards happiness. Feinberg poses a thought experiment in which a character named Jones is apathetic about all but the pursuit of his own happiness. Because he has no means to achieve that end, however, "()t takes little imagination () to see that Jones's one desire is bound to be frustrated."〔Feinberg 2008, p. 525.〕 To pursue only happiness, then, is to fail utterly to achieve it. 抄文引用元・出典: フリー百科事典『 ウィキペディア（Wikipedia）』 ■ウィキペディアで「Joel Feinberg」の詳細全文を読む スポンサード リンク
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